Food has always played an important part in the life of athletes. The diet of a participant in the ancient Olympics would differ drastically from that of the modern-day athlete, however, the need for protein to build muscle and carbohydrate for energy, remains the same.

Numerous tales discuss the eating habits of past Olympians. Some of these historical examples could very well have been exaggerated over time, but they create a clear link between food and performance. Sports historians often use the Greek fighter Milo of Crotona, who competed in five Olympic Games between 532 and 516 BCE, as an ancient example of early interest in sports nutrition.

You might have heard the stories of his strength, attributed to his food intake which included nine kilograms of meat, nine kilograms of bread, and eight liters of wine while preparing for a fight. Whether his eating habits have been exaggerated or not, the fighter knew that his diet would have some effect on his athletic performance.

Swedish scientists in the late 1930s conducted studies on carbohydrate and fat metabolism which eventually led to the study of glucose and glycogen. The priority in these early days of research was to increase athletes’ energy and to understand how muscles store energy in the form of glycogen. Technology was also developed to help those scientists measure human tissue responses to exercise.

In subsequent research, proteins were found to increase muscle size. Athletes were typically characterized as either endurance or strength athletes and the former focused primarily on carbohydrate intake while the latter on protein intake.

The more muscle an athlete had, the more glycogen they would be able to store, resulting in a competitive advantage not only in form of energy but also endurance. With this discovery, the demand for protein in the sports industry skyrocketed and led to the birth of the protein supplement industry.

A lot has changed since the early and mid-20^th centuries regarding the development of this field. Advancements in technology have allowed what was once a topic of study to grow into a lifestyle choice and fast-growing industry. According to Research CMFE, the global sports nutrition market was valued at more than USD 24 billion in 2020 and is projected to reach nearly USD 48 billion by 2027.

The sports nutrition market is not exclusive to athletes anymore. Some of the major factors contributing to the advancement in sports nutrition are the growing popularity of fitness, self-care, and preventive medication among people.

The rising cases of diseases such as obesity and diabetes along with long working hours and a busy lifestyle are posing several challenges in healthy eating patterns. These issues can also lead to anxiety, weakness, depression, and other health-related problems which in turn, lead to consumers inclining towards nutritional products and sports supplements to fill the nutrition gap in their diet.

An overview of the sports nutrition industry today can broadly be categorized into two sections: nutrients and supplements.

Nutrients can be considered as fuel for the body. For our physical and mental health to remain strong and healthy, a balanced diet of nutrients is not only important while performing sporting activities, but also to navigate everyday life. The right amount of nutrients is an essential aid to support performance, importantly carbohydrates, fats, and protein which maintain the body's energy. These include:

• Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for an active adult or competitive athlete and adequate intake is essential to prevent muscle fatigue
• Fats help maintain energy balance, regulate hormones, and restore muscle tissue. However, it is essential to monitor its intake as large amounts could lead to excess weight gain and result in increased health concerns
• Proteins are responsible for muscle growth and recovery and are also used to make enzymes, hormones, and a variety of additional body chemicals as well as form the building blocks of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood

Supplements are mainly used by athletes and sportspersons to boost strength, performance, and recovery. They are available in numerous different forms ranging from multivitamins and minerals to protein, creatine, and various other ergogenic aids. Some of them include:

• Sports food such as sports drinks, bars, and gels, electrolyte supplements, protein supplements, and liquid meal supplements
• Medical supplements like iron, calcium, vitamin D, multi-vitamin/mineral, and omega-3 fatty acids
• Performance supplements such as creatine and caffeine